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Cycling was stopped either in the discharged or the charged state. Cells were precycled three times at a C/20 rate (current density: 4.7 mA g −1) between 2.0 and 3.7 V.
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Galvanostatic cycling was performed at 55 ☌ using a Digatron BTS 600 testing system. The LiTFSI salt was dried under vacuum at 120 ☌ prior to electrolyte mixing the LiPF 6 salt was dried at 80 ☌. Each lithium salt was dissolved in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate ( DEC) in a 2 : 1 volumetric ratio. Two different electrolytes were used for the study: 1 M LiTFSI (lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) and 1 M LiPF 6 (lithium hexafluorophosphate). A better understanding of the surface chemistry of carbon-coated Li 2FeSiO 4 after the first cycles in a Li-ion battery has thus been achieved, thereby facilitating the optimisation of Li-ion batteries based on this potentially cheap and electrochemically most promising cathode material giving excellent capacity retention: were assembled in an Ar-filled glove-box (<5 ppm H 2O and O 2). There are also indications that Li 2FeSiO 4 is degraded by the HF formed in the electrolyte by the hydrolysis of LiPF 6.
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Solvent reaction products together with lithium carbonate were also found. A LiPF 6-based electrolyte, on the other hand, showed inferior salt stability with Li xPF y, Li xPO yF z and LiF species formed on the surface. However, solvent reaction products from EC were found together with lithium carbonate. The LiTFSI-based electrolyte exhibited high salt stability and no significant formation of LiF. 1 M lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6) based electrolytes were used with ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate ( DEC) as organic solvents. Oxygen is a highly reactive element that promotes rapid combustion and is often used in industrial applications.X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to characterise the surfaces of carbon-coated Li 2FeSiO 4 cathodes extracted from Li-ion batteries in both a charged and discharged state. Oxygen is colorless, odorless, and tasteless in its gaseous form, and condenses to pale blue liquid and solid forms.
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Accounting for one-fifth of the earth’s atmosphere, oxygen combines with most elements and is a component of thousands of organic compounds. Oxygen is critical for life on Earth, produced by plants during photosynthesis and necessary for aerobic respiration in animals. Oxygen, the "elixir of life", was discovered by Joseph Priestly and Carl Wilhem Scheele independently of each other in the 1770’s. Discoverer: Joseph Priestley/Carl Scheele
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